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Understanding Intelligent Design

Yo mamaNatural laws are adequate to explain how the order in life, the universe, and even a microwave oven operates, but mere undirected natural laws cannot fully explain the origin of such order.

Imagine finding a planet where robots are programmed so that they can make other robots just like themselves from raw materials.
 
Now, imagine an alien scientist visitor coming to the planet and, after many years of studying these robots, the alien scientist visitor comes to the conclusion that since science can explain how these robots work, operate, function, and reproduce there's no reason to believe that there was an ultimate intelligent designer behind them.
 
The analogy above certainly is not perfect but it is sufficient to reveal the fallacious thinking of those who attack intelligent design behind life and the universe.
 
Of course, once there is a complete and living cell then the genetic progam and highly complex biological mechanisms exist to direct the formation of more cells. The question is how could life or the cell come into existence naturally when there was no directing mechanism in Nature.
 
Chance physical processes can produce some level of order but it is not rational to believe that the highest levels of order in life and the universe are by chance. For example, amino acids have been shown to be able to come into existence by chance but not more complex molecules or structures such as proteins, which require that the various amino acids be in a precise sequence, just like the letters in a sentence. If they're not in the right sequence the protein molecules will not function. A single cell alone has millions of protein molecules!
 
There is no innate chemical tendency for the various amino acids to bond with one another in a sequence. Any one amino acid can just as easily bond with any other. The only reason at all for why the various amino acids bond with one another in a precise sequence in the cells of our bodies is because they're directed to do so by an already existing sequence of molecules in our genetic code. Without being in a proper sequence, protein molecules will not function.
 
The sequence of molecules in DNA (the genetic code) determines the sequence of molecules in proteins. Furthermore, without DNA there cannot be RNA, and without RNA there cannot be DNA. And without either DNA or RNA there cannot be proteins, and without proteins there cannot be DNA or RNA. They're all mutually dependent upon each other for existence!
 
If the cell had evolved it would have had to be all at once. A partially evolved cell cannot wait millions of years to become complete because it would be highly unstable and quickly disintegrate in the open environment, especially without the protection of a complete and fully functioning cell membrane.
 
The best little article ever written refuting the origin of life by chance is "A Few Reasons an Evolutionary Origin of Life Is Impossible" by scientist and biochemist Dr. Duane T. Gish. Dr. Gish presents "simple" but profound scientific barriers to evolution of life which aren't mentioned or covered in Johnny's high school biology textbook or in college textbooks for that matter.

 
Trust me, Dawkins and all the evolutionists put together can't hold a candle to the scientific genius of Dr. Gish. Just read one of Dr. Gish's books and you'll see why. Dr. Gish has successfully debated hundreds of evolution scientists in secular colleges and universities across the nation over the past two decades, and students have consistently voted him the winner in all of those debates. Don't try looking for this news in the mainstream media. You won't find it there anymore than you'll find a half-evolved chipmunk running around in your backyard!
 
Think about it! If humans must use intelligence to perform genetic engineering, to meaningfully manipulate the genetic code, then what does that say about the origin of the genetic code itself!
 
Contrary to popular belief, scientists have never created life in the laboratory. What scientists have done is genetically alter or engineer already existing forms of life, and by doing this scientists have been able to produce new forms of life. However, they did not produce these new life forms from non-living matter. Even if scientists ever do produce life from non-living matter it won't be by chance, so it still wouldn't help support any argument for evolution.
 
Even in the recent case, as reported in the news, involving the creation of what is called synthetic (or artificial) life, scientists don't actually create or produce life itself from non-living matter. What scientists do in this case is create (by intelligent design) artificial DNA (genetic instructions and code) which is then implanted into an already existing living cell, thereby, changing that cell into a new form of life. And, again, even if scientists ever do create a whole living cell from scratch (and not just its DNA) it still would not be by chance but by intelligent design. Synthetic life is another form of genetic engineering. But God was there first. Remember that!
 
The great British scientist Sir Frederick Hoyle has said that the probability of the sequence of molecules in the simplest cell coming into existence by chance is equivalent to a tornado going through a junk yard of airplane parts and assembling a 747 Jumbo Jet!

Considering the enormous complexity of life, it is much more logical to believe that the genetic and biological similarities between all species is due to a common Designer rather than common evolutionary ancestry. It is only logical that the great Designer would design similar functions for similar purposes and different functions for different purposes in all of the various forms of life.
 
What about natural selection? Natural selection only comes into operation once there is life. Also, natural selection is not a creative force. It is a passive force in Nature. Natural selection has no ability to design or generate new genes or new biological traits.
 
Natural selection can only "select" from biological variations that are produced and which have survival value. The real issue is what biological variations can be naturally produced. What biological variations are naturally possible? When a biological change or variation occurs within a species and this new variation (such as a change in skin color, etc.) helps that species to survive in its environment then that variation will be preserved ("selected") and be passed on to offspring. That is called "natural selection" or "survival of the fittest." But, neither "natural selection" nor "survival of the fittest" has anything to do with producing biological traits and variations.
 
The term "natural selection" is simply a figure of speech. Nature, of course, does not do any active or conscious selecting. It is an entirely passive process. Darwin did not realize what produced biological variations. Darwin simply assumed that any kind of biological change or variation was possible in life. However, we now know that biological traits and variations are determined by the genetic code.
 
Natural selection works with evolution but it is not evolution itself. Again, since natural selection can only "select" from biological variations that are possible, the real question to be asking is what kind of biological variations are naturally possible. How much biological variation (or how much evolution) is naturally possible in Nature? 
 
The evidence from science shows that only microevolution (variations within a biological "kind" such as the varieties of dogs, cats, horses, cows, etc.) is possible but not macroevolution (variations across biological "kinds," especially from simpler kinds to more complex ones). The only evolution that occurs in Nature and which can be studied in Nature is microevolution (or horizontal evolution) but not macroevolution (or vertical evolution).
 
Another reason for why macroevolution is not possible in Nature is because a half-evolved and useless organ waiting millions of years to be completed by random mutations would be a liability and hindrance to a species – not exactly a prime candidate for natural selection. In fact, how could species have survived over, supposedly, millions of years while their vital (or necessary) organs were still in the process of evolving!
 
How, for example, were animals breathing, eating, and reproducing if their respiratory, digestive, and reproductive organs were still incomplete and evolving? How were species fighting off possibly life-threatening germs if their immune system hadn't fully evolved yet?
 
What if we should find evidence of life on Mars? Wouldn't that prove evolution? No. It wouldn't be proof that such life had evolved from non-living matter by chance natural processes. And even if we did find evidence of life on Mars it would have most likely have come from our very own planet – Earth! In the Earth's past there was powerful volcanic activity which could have easily spewed dirt containing microbes into outer space which eventually could have reached Mars. A Newsweek article of September 21, 1998, p.12 mentions exactly this possibility.
 
We know from the law of entropy in science that the universe does not have the ability to have sustained itself from all eternity. It requires a beginning. But, we also know from science that natural laws could not have brought the universe into being from nothing. The beginning of the universe, therefore, points to a supernatural origin!
 
Even the scientific followers of Prigogine, the father of Chaos theory, have admitted that only a very minimal level of order will ever be possible as a result of spontaneous or chance processes.
 
Those advocating the teaching of intelligent design are not demanding that Darwinian theory no longer be taught. Rather, the advocates of intelligent design want the merits of both theories taught side by side when the issue of origins is covered in science classes and textbooks. This is only fair.
 
Science cannot prove how life originated since no human observed the origin of life by either chance or design. Observation and detection by the human senses, either directly or indirectly through scientific instruments, is the basis of science and for establishing proof. The issue is which position has better scientific support. Both sides should have the opportunity to present their case.
 
What we believe about life's origins does influence our philosophy and value of life as well as our view of ourselves and others. This is no small issue!
 
Just because the laws of science can explain how life and the universe operate and work doesn't mean there is no Maker. Would it be rational to believe that there's no designer behind airplanes because the laws of science can explain how airplanes operate and work?
 
Natural laws are adequate to explain how the order in life, the universe, and even a microwave oven operates, but mere undirected natural laws cannot fully explain the origin of such order.
 
If some astronauts from Earth discovered figures of persons similar to Mt. Rushmore on an uninhabited planet there would be no way to scientifically prove the carved figures originated by design or by chance processes of erosion. Neither position is science, but scientific arguments may be made to support one or the other.
 
All of this simply means that real science supports faith in God. Science cannot prove that we are here by chance (evolution) or by design (creation). However, the scientific evidence can be used to support one or the other.
 
It is only fair that evidence supporting intelligent design be presented to students alongside of evolutionary theory, especially in public schools which receive funding from taxpayers who are on both sides of the issue. Also, no one is being forced to believe in God or adopt a particular religion so there is no true violation of separation of church and state.
 
There is, of course, much more to be said on this subject. Scientist, creationist, debater, writer, and lecturer Dr. Walt Brown covers various scientific issues (i.e. fossils, biological variation and diversity, the origin of life, comparative anatomy and embryology, the issue of vestigial organs, the age of the earth, etc.) at greater depth on his website at
http://www.creationscience.com. Another excellent source of information from highly qualified scientists who are creationists is the Institute for Creation Research (http://www.icr.org) in San Diego, California.

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54 comments to Understanding Intelligent Design

  • (1) ID is not a scientific theory. Evolution is.

    (2) Even if we provisonally (and irrationally) accept ID as a scientific theory, together ID and evolution do not comprise the totality of all possible theories re origins. Thus, any negation of evolution does not affirm ID.

    (3) Even if we provisionally accept that ID negates aspects of evolution, said negation rests upon the irrationality that absence of evidence is evidence of absence.

    (4) Any organized body of beliefs like ID that posits the existence of a supernatural entity is a religion.

    Babu,

    All of this simply means that real science supports faith in God.

    No. Science is not about faith in God. Faith in God is religion. Logically simplifying: Science is not religion.

    Now, let’s do the reverse: Religion is faith in God. Believing in God (ie, having faith in a God) is not within the purview of science. Again logically simplifying: Religion is not science.

    (5) Science is not religion, and religion is not science.

  • Babu,

    Is ID a religion?

    OneLook.com, ‘quick’ definitions: Religion: a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny; institution to express belief in a divine power.

    Based upon these definitions, let’s peruse your article and excerpt relevant portions:

    But God was there first. Remember that! … Considering the enormous complexity of life, it is much more logical to believe that the genetic and biological similarities between all species is due to a common Designer rather than common evolutionary ancestry… The beginning of the universe, therefore, points to a supernatural origin! …Just because the laws of science can explain how life and the universe operate and work doesn't mean there is no Maker… All of this simply means that real science supports faith in God.

    You use ‘God’, ‘Designer’, & ‘Maker’ as synonyms. To you, God is supernatural.

    Let’s restate the first part of the definition: Religion: a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny.

    Your own words affirm that definition. Therefore, you consider ID a religion. If so, then the second part of the definition applies:

    Religion: institution to express belief in a divine power.

    Continuing, you said:

    Also, no one is being forced to believe in God or adopt a particular religion so there is no true violation of separation of church and state.

    You make a common mistake re the First Amendment. Here’s what it says: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion”. The key phrase is italicized.

    Remember: we’ve demonstrated that ID is a religion. Therefore, teaching ID in public schools would establish ID as a state-approved religion.

    But, you’re a fair guy, Babu. Here’s what you said:

    It is only fair that evidence supporting intelligent design be presented to students alongside of evolutionary theory, especially in public schools which receive funding from taxpayers who are on both sides of the issue.

    NP. If it’s fair to teach your religion in public schools, then it would be fair to teach other religions, too, as well as its logical opposite atheism plus other belief systems on the theism-atheism scale such as agnosticism.

    Continuing your please for fairness, you should willingly embrace my offer to discuss various topics with your congregation. Suggested topics are:

    God approves of abortion.
    God approves of homosexuality.
    God approves of death with dignity.

    It’s only fair.

  • Continuing, what is the Scientific Theory of Intelligent Design?

    Here’s the short version from the Discovery Institute:

    http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php

    The theory of intelligent design holds that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection.

    The scientific theory of intelligent design holds that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection. Intelligent design theory then is an alternative solution to answer problems with Darwinian evolution.

    The IDEA center has a longer version:

    http://www.ideacenter.org/about/history.php

    The Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness (IDEA) Center is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt non-profit organization dedicated to promoting intelligent design theory.

    Here’s IDEA center take #1:

    http://www.ideacenter.org/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1154

    FAQ: Does intelligent design theory implement the scientific method?

    The Short Answer: Yes. The scientific method goes from observation –> hypothesis –> experiment –> conclusion. Intelligent design begins with the observation that intelligent agents produce complex and specified information (CSI). Design theorists hypothesize that if objects were designed, they will contain CSI. They then seek to find CSI. One easily testable form of CSI is irreducible complexity (IC). ID researchers can then experimentally reverse-engineer biological structures to see if they are IC. If they find them, they can conclude design.

    Their long answer follows, but it’s not germane. Their take #2 is:

    The Science Behind Intelligent Design Theory

    http://www.ideacenter.org/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/832

    This Web page is short and readable. I’m going to condense it and excerpt only its key arguments.

    When we scientifically analyze a complex structure, the author maintains that we can ask 3 and only 3 questions about it:

    (1) Does a law explain it? (2) Does chance explain it? (3) Does design explain it?

    The author maintains that, if we can’t attribute the genesis of a complex structure to a law (ie, a scientific law) or to chance (ie, a stochastic process), then we must conclude that a designer created it.

    Let’s pause. OK, Intelligent Designers, I’ll give you 30 minutes to review the article and critique my summary. (Insert Jeopardy final question theme music here, replayed 60 times). OK, time’s up. No critiques? Let’s continue, then.

    Let’s pause again. OK, those of you who can still ratiocinate (IDers need not apply), I’ll give you 10E-20 seconds to discover the fatal flaw in the positing-3-questions scenario. Yep. Pretty obvious, wasn’t it? In a nutshell:

    Couldn’t the genesis of the complex structure be due to heuristic laws or stochastic processes currently unknown to the scientific community?

    The logical fallacy here is Argument from Ignorance:

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance

    The argument from ignorance … is a logical fallacy in which it is claimed that a premise is true only because it has not been proven false or is only false because it has not been proven true.

    The latter applies.

    In a worthy evisceration of some of the science behind Intelligent Design, Richard Wein restates the above:

    http://www.talkorigins.org/design/faqs/nfl/

    This type of argument is commonly known as an argument from ignorance or god-of-the-gaps argument. So there is no danger of misunderstanding, let me clarify that the accusation of argument from ignorance is not an assertion that those making the argument are ignorant of the facts, or even that they are failing to utilize the available facts. The proponents of an argument from ignorance are demanding that their explanation be accepted just because the scientific community is ignorant (at least partially) of how an event occurred, rather than because their own explanation has been shown to be a good one.

    The Wikipedia entry restate Wein’s last sentence:

    (A) person regards the lack of evidence for one view as constituting proof that another view is true.

    Let’s paraphrase this ID argument: So, you scientists can’t describe in complete detail how the cell was created either by the actualization of scientific laws or random processes? Therefore, God created the Universe.

    Let’s give an iconic example. In 1952, IDers would have argued that, since science had not discovered a biological or molecular mechanism common to all life, God created the Universe. Then, in 1953, Watson and Crick ‘discovered’ DNA. IDers responded by saying, “Yea, but …”

    Many Yea, but’s later, IDers are still committing the same logical fallacy.

    Can ID-as-science be casually dismissed? Yes. Next.

    I recommend that this fine publication spawn a secondary Web site: Pseudo-Intellectual Conservative. Since ID violates the most basic tenets of logic and thus intellectuality, further ID articles have no place here.

  • So, what have we deduced?

    (1) ID is either religion or a religion;
    (2) ID is not science.

    On the latter point, there’s more, a concise but comprehensive article entitled “Why Intelligent Design isn’t science”: http://www.naturalism.org/science.htm#whyintelligent

    Up until now, there was no need to be personal. The 2 above deductions required nothing more than simple, plain rational objectivity. Now, however, it’s time to get personal.

    Specifically, ID offends my religious beliefs. imo, ID denigrates God and His majesty.

    Now, I’m must walk a very fine line here. Since I’m a Christian (ie, Christ is my Savior), I must honor Christ’s teachings, chief among which is His admonition to always love and never condemn. So, IDers, please accept this criticism in that spirit.

    It’s very simple. In my religion, God is omnipotent enough to create a Universe which operates exactly the way evolutionists stipulates it operates. In your religion, God is not so omnipotent.

    My God created the universe and imbued it with a few, simple laws, and then left it alone. Those few laws drove the inorganic and organic evolution of the Universe. About 13.7 billion years after this creation, mankind evolved.

    Your God wasn’t smart enough to create a universe where simpler life forms spawned more complex life forms. Your God needed to be involved in every step of that process.

    Sorry, but my God is superior to your God. Your God needs to constantly futz obsessively with the minutiae of the universe. My God is intelligent enough to create a universe that generates itself.

    In summary, Babu, my science is better than your science, and my God is better than your God.

    The problem with ID is that it denigrates both rationality and faith, both science and religion.

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